Evaluation metrics for Information Retrieval (IR) are quantitative measures used to assess how effectively a search or retrieval system ranks documents in response to a query. The most common metrics include: Precision – proportion of retrieved documents that are relevant. ...

Language models (LMs) like GPT, LLaMA, and PaLM are only as powerful as the data that shapes them. Among the most important training resources are Wikipedia and Wikidata. Wikipedia provides rich, multilingual, and well-structured text with hyperlinks that act as ...

Entity disambiguation forms the backbone of knowledge graphs and semantic search. While traditional

As the web expands into a web of entities and knowledge graphs, one of ...

Google no longer measures quality by keywords alone. Instead, it uses E-E-A-T — Experience, ...

Tokenization is the process of splitting raw text into smaller units called tokens, which ...

Lemmatization solves this by reducing words to their lemma (canonical dictionary form). ...

Stopwords are high-frequency words in a language that contribute syntactic structure but limited

One-Hot Encoding is a technique that converts categorical data into a binary vector representation. ...

Bag of Words is a lexical representation model where a document is expressed as ...