Before the rise of Transformers, the workhorse of natural language processing was the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) family. RNNs, and their gated variants LSTMs (Long Short-Term Memory) and GRUs (Gated Recurrent Units), powered machine translation, speech recognition, and early chatbots. ...

Google describes knowledge panels as automated summaries of entities—people, places, organizations, or creative works—drawn from the Knowledge Graph. They are distinct from Google Business Profiles (local panels), which are managed through direct verification. Knowledge panels are not manually created by ...

Stemming is the process of truncating words to their stem or root form by removing affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes). Unlike lemmatization, stemming does not rely on dictionaries or deep morphological analysis—it applies heuristic or rule-based transformations. Example: “studies” → “studi” ...

Text generation refers to the automated creation of natural language by a model trained on large corpora. Unlike retrieval-based systems, generation synthesizes new sentences word by word, conditioned on prior sequence modeling context. The challenge is ensuring not just fluency, ...